Hispanic Immigration to Georgia and the United States?

I live in Georgia and I recently became interested in the new legislation on Illegal immigration. I was born in Georgia, so I am a legal resident. I know that this new bill does affect many immigrants from Mexico and other Hispanic countries. I was wondering what the steps are for a family or single person to enter and become a legal resident of Georgia or other US states. Also, I was wondering how people in Georgia that are Illegal would go about obtaining residency legally and if it was possible for them to stay in the US to become legal. Correct me if I'm wrong, but are immigrants required to get a permit or visa and then get a green card after 5 years? Also, how much money does this process cost and how lengthy is the process? Finally, the Green card allows permanent residency, but does not make the person a citizen? Thanks for the help!